What is a database?

Types of databases: Relational vs. Non-relational databases

Introduction to database management systems (DBMS)

Definition of SQL

History and evolution of SQL

Types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL

Tables, rows, and columns

Keys: Primary Key, Foreign Key

Basic normalization concepts

Syntax of SELECT

Selecting all columns (SELECT *)

Selecting specific columns

WHERE clause

Comparison operators: =, <, >, <=, >=, <>

Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT

IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, and IS NULL

ORDER BY clause (ascending, descending)

Sorting by multiple columns

ORDER BY clause (ascending, descending)

Sorting by multiple columns

Using LIMIT (or TOP in some systems)

COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

Grouping data by one or more columns

Using aggregate functions with GROUP BY

Filtering grouped data using HAVING

Removing duplicate rows from result sets

INNER JOIN

LEFT JOIN (OUTER JOIN)

RIGHT JOIN (OUTER JOIN)

FULL OUTER JOIN

CROSS JOIN

Using ON clause to specify join conditions

Self-joins and recursive joins

Joining more than two tables

Using subqueries with joins

What is a subquery?

Types of subqueries: scalar, column, and table subqueries

Subqueries in WHERE, FROM, and HAVING clauses

Correlated vs. non-correlated subqueries

Subqueries within subqueries

Syntax for inserting single and multiple rows

Inserting data using SELECT

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Updating data in one or more columns

Using WHERE to specify which records to update

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Deleting data from a table

Deleting all rows vs. selective deletion with WHERE

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Understanding transactions in SQL

COMMIT and ROLLBACK commands

Transaction isolation levels

Why normalization is important

First, Second, and Third Normal Forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF)

Denormalization and trade-offs

Defining table structures: CREATE TABLE

Adding constraints: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE

Defining default values and check constraints

ALTER TABLE to add, modify, or drop columns

Dropping tables or constraints

What are indexes?

Types of indexes: Unique, Composite, Full-text

Creating and managing indexes

Performance implications of indexes

What is a view?

Creating and using views

Updating data through views (if possible)

Creating and using stored procedures

Differences between stored procedures and functions

Input/output parameters

What are triggers?

Creating triggers for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Use cases and limitations of triggers

ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

Handling concurrent transactions and locks

Analyzing execution plans

Using EXPLAIN and other tools to optimize queries

Avoiding common performance pitfalls

Choosing which columns to index

Analyzing index usage

Index maintenance

Caching and memory management

Partitioning large tables for performance

Optimizing JOINs and subqueries

Understanding SQL injection attacks

Preventing SQL injection through parameterized queries

Managing user access with GRANT and REVOKE

Role-based access control

Tracking and logging changes in the database

Auditing SQL queries and operations

Recursive queries (Common Table Expressions or CTEs)

Pivoting and unpivoting data

Window functions (e.g., ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), PARTITION BY)

Backup strategies and types (full, incremental)

Restoring and migrating databases

Practical application of all learned SQL concepts

Creating a database, writing queries, and optimizing performance

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